Background: The developing El Niño increases the potential for a wetter-than-normal winter across California. While the timing, location, and severity of individual storms cannot yet be predicted, member agencies should be preparing for the possibility of repeated atmospheric river events, localized flooding, erosion, culvert failures, and roadway closures.
Summary: The transportation consequences of a wet winter include flooding of low-lying roadways and rural roads, washouts and erosion of road shoulders and embankments, culvert and drainage system failures, damage to bridges, bridge approaches, and stream crossings, landslides and slope instability in foothill and mountain communities, damage to pavement and roadways from prolonged saturation, and access disruptions to rural communities and emergency services.
During the 2022-23 storms, there were full closures of SR-168 and Huntington Lake Road and a partial closure of Auberry Road, disrupting access to Shaver Lake and Big Creek. Later storms brought record rain and snowfall, runoff, flash-flood concerns, rockfall, mudslides and debris-flow risks in foothill and mountain communities.
Transportation Impacts and Vulnerable Corridors
FCOG’s Fresno County Climate Resiliency Plan, adopted in 2025, identifies flooding as a major transportation threat, along with wildfire and landslide exposure in rural and mountainous areas. Relevant findings include:
- SR-168 and SR-180: landslide and post-wildfire debris-flow exposure; approximately 112 road miles identified for landslide-risk mitigation.
- SR-99 and Belmont Avenue: among roads identified as having high flood risk.
- Roads and bridges crossing waterways: washout and bridge-approach concerns.
- FCRTA Coalinga Intercity and Westside routes, and FAX Routes 1, 28 and 38: flood exposure affecting access and service continuity.
- Western Fresno County: a County climate adaptation planning effort is focused in part on flooding risks to transportation assets west of SR-99.
Emergency Response and Funding
Caltrans’ California Road System (CRS) maps show official functional classification. In general, federal-aid routes include functional classes 1–5 and minor urban collectors. Minor rural collectors and local/residential roads are generally non-federal-aid. On CRS maps, local/residential roads are gray and minor collectors are yellow; minor collectors must be distinguished as urban or rural. A city’s General Plan designation does not replace the CRS classification.
Caltrans/FHWA Emergency Relief (ER) is for eligible serious damage to federal-aid routes. Non-federal-aid local roads may instead be considered under FEMA Public Assistance or the California Disaster Assistance Act (CDAA), subject to declarations and program rules. FCOG should complete a countywide CRS mileage analysis for all 15 cities and unincorporated Fresno County before publishing a definitive mileage split.
A summary of funding programs and requirements is below:
Cal OES / CDAA: Eligible local disaster response and restoration costs. A timely local emergency proclamation and Initial Damage Estimate (IDE) are generally required.
FEMA Public Assistance: Eligible emergency work, debris removal and permanent restoration of eligible public facilities. Governor requests a federal declaration; President decides. Applicant must meet FEMA/Cal OES requirements.
Caltrans / FHWA Emergency Relief: Eligible serious damage to federal-aid routes. Event-specific Governor’s proclamation or Presidential major disaster declaration; FHWA eligibility and route requirements.
Federal-aid routes – Caltrans Emergency Relief Program
Local/residential roads – FEMA Public Assistance, if declared and eligible
Rural minor collectors – FEMA Public Assistance, if declared and eligible
Bridges and drainage facilities – Depends on ownership, classification, and program eligibility
In addition, the CTC is allowing for flexibility in the use of State Transportation Improvement (STIP) funds for Emergency Relief. Currently, FCOG’s policy is to only use its STIP allocation on the state highway system, but it could be a potential resource, depending on the road involved and the nature of the damages.
Emergency Declarations
A local emergency proclamation documents extreme peril and supports requests for state and federal assistance but does not guarantee funding. Under Cal OES guidance, a local emergency may be proclaimed by the City Council or by an official specifically authorized under city ordinance.
- Immediately after the event: activate emergency procedures, document damage, notify the County Operational Area and Cal OES representative, and begin an Initial Damage Estimate.
- Within 10 days of the actual occurrence of the disaster: issue the local emergency proclamation if seeking CDAA assistance. The deadline is measured from the event, not from completion of the damage assessment.
- If issued by a delegated official: the City Council must ratify the proclamation within 7 days.
- Every 60 days: the Council reviews the continuing need for the emergency until it is terminated.
- Submit promptly: send the signed proclamation and IDE through the Operational Area to Cal OES, and request the appropriate state assistance.
Board/Council resolution: Identify the event, date, affected areas and known damage; describe why local resources are inadequate or threatened; authorize emergency response/recovery actions; and authorize staff to submit damage assessments and assistance requests. Cal OES provides a sample proclamation.
Cities should coordinate with Fresno County Office of Emergency Services when an emergency affects multiple jurisdictions. Under California CDAA regulations, a county emergency proclamation may satisfy the local proclamation requirement for affected cities when the county’s proclamation specifically includes both incorporated and unincorporated areas.
The Governor has issued a proactive statewide state of emergency proclamation in preparation for this year’s El Niño. ER applications require an event specific Governor’s proclamation or Presidential major disaster declaration. Future events, even if related to the developing El Niño, will still require their own event specific proclamation for Caltrans to apply for ER disaster assistance.
Preventive work to avoid damage to a highway facility in anticipation of a disaster event is not eligible for ER funding.
Critical Actions and Deadlines
- Report damage separately to BOTH Cal OES and Caltrans.
- Caltrans ER: submit the Initial Damage Estimate within 14 days of the event start date specified in the applicable declaration.
- Caltrans ER: submit the Damage Assessment Form within 3 months of the event start date; photograph damage before repairs and retain pre-disaster condition records.
- FEMA Public Assistance: follow the federal declaration and Cal OES applicant briefing; Request for Public Assistance is generally due within 30 days of the declaration.
- Track labor, equipment, materials, procurement, invoices, debris removal and emergency work by site.
FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Programs (Prevention)
Although it won’t assist with imminent storm events, FEMA offers mitigation funding to help reduce future disaster risks, not to repair damage after an event.
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP): Supports projects such as culvert replacements, roadway elevation, drainage improvements, slope stabilization, bridge approach protection, and evacuation route improvements. Funding is tied to a Presidential disaster declaration and applicable grant requirements.
Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA): FEMA’s FY 2026 funding opportunity was released October 22, 2026. Local agencies apply through Cal OES as sub applicants. Potential projects include localized flood risk reduction and other eligible flood mitigation activities. Key requirements include participation in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), where applicable, and a current FEMA-approved Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.
Agencies should monitor Cal OES for the FY 2026 FMA application deadlines and guidance, sign up for Hazard Mitigation Program Updates, and contact ResilientCA@caloes.ca.gov to discuss potential projects.
What Agencies Can Do Now: Documentation, Public Outreach, and Staff Training
Pre-disaster Asset Documentation
The first step in the evaluation of a disaster assistance claim from FEMA or Caltrans is to establish what the facility looked like and how it functioned before the disaster. The funding programs generally only pay to restore eligible infrastructure to its pre-disaster condition and will not pay to bring an older road up to current standards or fund deferred maintenance.
Before the storms arrive, agencies should make sure they have recent photographs, maintenance and inspection records for roads, bridges, culverts, and drainage facilities on file.
Agencies should document roads with existing deterioration, a failing culverts or maintenance issues now. Otherwise, after a storm, it may be difficult to distinguish pre-existing conditions from actual disaster damage. Good documentation can make a significant difference in an agency’s ability to support its reimbursement request.
Public Outreach, Preparedness and Community Resources
In addition to preparing transportation infrastructure for potential storm impacts, member agencies should take steps to ensure residents have access to emergency preparedness information and community resources.
Recommended outreach and preparedness activities include:
- Sandbag availability: Inform residents of local sandbag distribution locations, availability, hours of operation, pickup requirements, and assistance for the elderly and disabled.
- Public service announcements: Coordinate with city and county communication staff to distribute emergency preparedness information through agency websites, social media, local news, and other communication channels.
- Household preparedness: Encourage residents to develop a family communication plan, assemble an emergency supply kit, prepare their homes and properties for flooding, and make plans for children, older adults, and pets.
- Evacuation awareness: Remind residents to monitor official emergency alerts, follow evacuation orders, and know where to find local emergency information.
- Flood safety: Share guidance on avoiding flooded roadways and never driving or walking through floodwaters, such as “Turn Around, Don’t Drown” guidance on social media.
Upcoming Trainings
November 19, 2026 | 9:00–11:30 a.m. — Caltrans Emergency Relief Program Refresher Training. Topics include site eligibility, project applications, timelines, deadlines, NEPA considerations and the new Damage Assessment Form. Cities, counties, tribes and Caltrans District Local Assistance Engineers are encouraged to attend. No preregistration; log on by 8:55 a.m.
Teams: https://teams.microsoft.com/meet/214044716449779?p=FldCl6wzUBZg0wVilQ
Phone: +1 279-895-7250 | Conference ID: 806 371 48#
November 19, 2026 | 1:00–3:00 p.m. — California Transportation Commission workshop on the Draft Emergency Declarations Timely Use of Funds Policy. The draft addresses certain projects programmed in ATP, LPP, SCCP and TCEP affected by declared climate events or disasters; it is scheduled for Commission consideration in January 2027, not yet adopted.
FCOG’s current STIP practice is to program only Caltrans projects. Any potential use for local emergency projects requires review of CTC rules, project eligibility and FCOG policy.
Register here: https://events.gcc.teams.microsoft.com/event/b1157ae0-f111-466b-b4dc-78580ced7db5@621b0a64-1740-43cc-8d88-4540d3487556?source=copyLinkLegacyShareEventDialog
Resources/References
Action: Information. The Committee may provide additional direction at its discretion.